Women Who Democratized South Africa free essay sample

â€Å"Women played a critical role in democratizing our nation†. It is often overlooked that women played a very important role in the struggle against apartheid. Today when we think of the leaders of the struggle we tend to think about Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu, Oliver Tambo, Albert Luthuli and other prominent men. It is not often that people remember to look at not only the wives of some of these men, but also other women who got deeply involved in fighting apartheid. Black women faced three forms of oppression in South Africa during apartheid racial, social and sexual. For this reason they had more to struggle against. Although many women helped fight for freedom during apartheid, two names stand out as heroines of the struggle, Albertina Sisulu and Helen Joseph. Albertina Sisulu, the wife of Walter Sisulu, was a political activist during apartheid that not only fought for the freedom of the people, but also for the rights of black women. We will write a custom essay sample on Women Who Democratized South Africa or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In 1955 she joined the ANC Women’s League and also aided the launch of the freedom charter. Albertina Sisulu had five children and adopted her deceased sister-in-laws two children, supporting her family on her earnings as a nurse. She also became a major political figure in her own right getting herself arrested, banned, and imprisoned. She helped form the Federation of South African Women and became its president. On August the 9th 1956 she led huge demonstrations against the extension of the hated pass laws to women and against the introduction of the Bantu education system. Her opposition to womens passes brought her first jail sentence in 1958 with Winnie Mandela and others female liberators. Albertina Sisulu was arrested after Walter Sisulu went underground in 1963. Her arrestment resulted in her becoming the first female to be arrested under the General Laws Act. Her political acts frequently resulted in her being in and out of jail, but this did not put fear into her heart as she remained courageous and continued the resistance against apartheid. In 1994, she was elected to the first democratic Parliament, which she served until retiring four years later. That year she received an award from then-president Mandela. In my opinion Albertina Sisulu can be seen as a great heroine for the Apartheid struggle as she stood up for what she believed in and broke the stereotypical view of a black women, she showed courage and bravery to lead black women, who were considered to be at the bottom of the social ladder, to approach the apartheid government and express their beliefs. Albertina Sisulu died at the age 92 in her home in Linden Johannesburg on the 2nd of June 2011. In 1987 Albertina Sisulu made the following remarks in Soweto. Women are the people who are going to relieve us from all this oppression and depression. The rent boycott that is happening in Soweto now is alive because of the women. It is the women who are on the street committees educating the people to stand up and protect each other. In my opinion this statement can be seen as a bold and powerful statement because she is implying that women are the core of society and have the power to achieve great milestones in their life if they can believe in themselves. Women of today should look to Sisulu for inspiration as she was one of the great women of south African history and should truly be remembered dearly. Helen Beatrice May Fennell was born in Sussex, England, in 1905. She grew up in London. She graduated with a degree in English from the University of London. In 1927 She taught for three years in India, She then came to live in Durban, South Africa, 1930. she took a job with the Garment Workers Union (GWU) and came under the influence of Solly Sachs, Johanna Cornelius and Anna Scheepers. Helen was a founder member of the African National Congress (ANC)s white ally, the Congress of Democrats (COD), and national secretary of Federation of South African Women (FEDSAW) in the 1950s. In 1955, she was one of the leaders who read out the clauses of the Freedom Charter at the Congress of the People. The Womens March on 9 August 1956 was one of the defining moments in her political career as along with other female activist she led 20 000 women to the Union Buildings. Helen Joseph was Arrested on a charge of high treason in December 1956, and banned in 1957, Joseph Helen was constantly affiliated with the police as she was aiding black people, and she was a white women herself. She was the first person to be placed under house arrest in 1962, and she survived several assassination attempts, including bullets shot through her bedroom window late at night and a bomb wired to her front gate. Joseph was diagnosed with cancer in 1971, and her banning orders were lifted for a short time before being reinstated for two years in 1980. Helen Joseph passed away on 25 December 1992 in Johannesburg. In my opinion Helen Joseph is truly admirable as she was able to overlook the irrational thinking of the apartheid government and see people of colour as her equals, and seek to aid them in their struggle against the apartheid regime. She aided black nti-government groups like the ANC and was able to break social barriers by, instead of just feeling bad that black people were being treated unfairly, but instead, to act on that feeling which she did with meritorious efforts. Helen Joseph was awarded the ANCs highest award, the Isitwalandwe/Seaparankoe Medal for her devotion to the liberation struggle as a symbol of defiance, integrity and courage. Such a heroic icon should always be an inspiration to young minds of South Africa and should always be honoured and remembered as it is peop le like this who pave the future to brighter pastures in South Africa.

Callahan chronicals essays

Callahan chronicals essays After reading the Callahan Chronicals I have come to realize that there are many things to be learned in life. This book captured my attention by trying to figure out just what it is that Spider Robinson is trying to pass on to the reader. I have come to the conclusion that the author is trying to portray real life situations with a little twist to keep the reader interested. There is a lesson to be learned from each story. Each visitor that passes through Mike Callahan's bar is teaching the people who are already there a lesson and there is In the Centipede's Dilemma I learned that apperance really dosen't matter. Dink Fogerty led the whole bar to believe that he was incapable of even throwing a dart but then he, dispite his image, used telekinesis (mind over matter) to project the darts into the dartboard with tremendus accuracy. You cannot just sleep on your opponents in real life situations. You must look beyond your opponents apparent capabilities to be a contender in any game, espically the game of life. If you don't you will surely get stepped on throughout your life. If the people at Callahan's didn't catch on to Dink's attribute then he would have walked out of that place knowing that he screwed over the entire bar. I have learned to look for things like this now and will not get decieved eaisly in my lifetime. Fogerty wasn't all that bad though, any bird that can keep their glass filled with gin all the time would be a good companion for mostly anyone. Just Dessert was a good story on how people do not like to be made a fool of. This story's focus was on practical jokers. The message I received from this writing was that people don't like practical jokers even if their motifs are just for fun. You also must be careful because that joke can turn foul and hit you right back in the face. That is exactly what happened to the men who t...

Differentiate between the humanities and other modes of human and Essay

Differentiate between the humanities and other modes of human and expression - Essay Example The paper will focus on defining the term humanities, distinguish it from the modes of human inquiry and expression and explain the way Art, Music, Architecture, Philosophy, and Literature are reflecting the current development in politics, socioeconomics and technology. Science is entirely separated and segregated into two classes, which include Social science and natural science, but humanities are separate from present day science since it associates with non-scientific approaches in human mode of inquiry (Lyn, 1997). Therefore, humanities are not focused on establishing validated theories and scientific laws; instead, humanities focus on interpretation of the historic and cultural context of art. It also explores the analysis of written text and validation through a comparison with other sources, which relate to presented material from other disciplines such as philosophy, history and sociology. On the other hand, Art, Music, Architecture, Philosophy and Literature have depicted the contemporary development in politics, socioeconomics and technology, for instance, Art has been applied in the process of expressing the social and economic factors. In fact, an exemplary example, relates to a famous artist, Donatello, who made humanistic expressions during the Medieval Times and his sculptures were admired, since he produced marble, bronze and wood. His work was in Gothic style, and this evolved into naturalism, which is known from the classical antiquity. In relation to this, the artists in the present day are using paintings and sculptures to display expressions of human enquiry, in fact, there are different kinds of art that are being enjoyed by people in different museums in the worldwide. Music has been used for worshiping, as a technique of worshiping in religion, and as a way of sending messages. In fact, during the slavery period, the lyrics of slave songs were used to express the need for freedom, and relaying messages to the other slaves. For example, slaves would use music to plan an escape, whereby the hymns offered substantial information like the meeting venue and departure time. Technology has been reflected through Architecture, where there are modern designs being developed through technology. For example, the architects are now using software such as Auto card to make designs. On the other hand, technology is enabling the exploration of arts into distinct past, through deployment of various pieces of art galleries, hence inhabiting them on the web pages; thus, art is being incorporated in art studio around the world, hence offering competition to the museums. Music also has also been integrated with technology leading to a decrease in the use of traditional instruments like trombone, flute and an organ, which were used for composing. In fact, the artists and producers are experiencing challenges of privacy since music can now be easily downloaded without charges from the internet. Literature has also depicted an element of philosophy, whereby different books has been written by various authors aiming to extend knowledge regarding a theory, and his has become vital sources of knowledge. For example, different scholars in the present world are use literature to review ideas from different books in order to provide evidence to support their notions. On the other hand, literature has been integrated w

Diversity Management at BRIGGS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Diversity Management at BRIGGS - Essay Example This HRM policy will be based on the principles of equality and diversity at the workplace. It should also be noticed that the particular characteristics of the firm’s workforce have to be taken into account when designing and implementing the specific strategy. In accordance with the Public Employment Office of New South Wales Government â€Å"The concept of diversity is based on individual acceptance and respect. It is an understanding that individuals are unique and different. Diversity includes race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, socio-economic status, culture, age, physical ability and religious, political and other beliefs† [1]. Moreover, it is made clear that a cultural diversity workplace could lead to the improvement of the firm’s performance or the increase of productivity on a national basis. In this context, it is supported that â€Å"a culturally diverse workplace promotes equity and enhances staff skills and agency success; agencies working with diversity have identified the significant benefits to of having a culturally diverse workplace† [1]. From a different point of view, in accordance with a definition given by the Civil Service (Cabinet Office) in UK, a proper diversity policy should be base d on the following criteria: â€Å"there must be no unfair discrimination on the basis of age, disability, gender, marital status, sexual orientation, religion or belief, race, colour, nationality, ethnic or national origin, or (in Northern Ireland) community background, working pattern, employment status, gender identity (transgender), caring responsibility, trade union membership† [2]. The issue of diversity has been examined by several aspects; however in all definitions given there are common elements and characteristics. For this reason, in a definition of diversity given by the University of Oregon [3] it is noticed that diversity means â€Å"understanding that each individual is unique, and recognizing our individual

Compare And Contrast Ipv4 And Ipv6

Compare And Contrast Ipv4 And Ipv6 Before we discuss about how the IP works at the network layer to provide connectionless, best effort service to the upper layers, we should understand what the role of IP is. To help us more understand about the question. Below are a few explanation of the important role in the question. The Internet Protocol (IP) IP is a protocol used for communicating data across a packet-switched internetwork using the Internet Protocol Suite, also referred to as TCP/IP, while the connectionless service is provided by IP version 4. IP version 4 is just design with limited lower overhead to ensure it deliver speed. The Network Layer -It is the 3rd layer of the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking. The network layer responds to service requests from the transport layer and issues service requests to the data link layer. Upper layer The last 3 layers of the OSI model, Session, Presentation and Application layer are referred to the Upper layers. These layers are responsible for applications communicating between hosts. None of the upper layers know anything about networking or network addresses. Connectionless/Best effort Service communication between two network end-user in which a message can be sent from sender to receiver without knowing of the receiver. The Internetwork Protocol (IP) provides a best effort network layer service for connecting computers to form a computer network. Each computer is identified by one or more globally unique IP address. The network layer PDUs are known as either packets or datagram. Each packet carries the IP address of the sending computer and also the address of the intended recipient or recipients of the packet. Other management information is also carried. The IP network service transmits datagrams between intermediate nodes using IP routers. The routers themselves are simple; since no information is stored concerning the datagrams which are forwarded on a link. The most complex part of an IP router is concerned with determining the optimum link to use to reach each destination in a network. This process is known as routing. Although this process is computationally intensive, it is only performed at periodic intervals. An IP network normally uses a dynamic routing protocol to find alternate routes whenever a link becomes unavailable. This provides considerable robustness from the failure of either links or routers, but does not guarantee reliable delivery. Some applications are happy with this basic service and use a simple transport protocol known as the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) to access this best effort service. Internet Protocol provides in Version 4 (IPv4) is to ensure that the IP packet header is error-free through computation of a checksum at the routing nodes. This has the side-effect of discarding packets with bad headers on the spot, and cause the lost of data packet. The design of internet protocol is one of the reason cause connectionless services. It assumes that the network infrastructure is inherently unreliable at any single network element or transmission medium and that it is dynamic in terms of availability of links and nodes. Without any central monitoring or performance measurement facility exists that tracks or maintains the state of the network. So in order to easy the work, the intelligence in the network is purposely mostly located in the end nodes of each data transmission. Because of it, the network only can provide the best transmission and it was call the best-effort protocol. Advantages: They are stateless having no previously defined protocol. It is easily accessible. Fast deliver Speed Disadvantages: The lack of reliability allows any of the following fault events to occur: data corruption lost data packets duplicate arrival out-of-order packet delivery The primary goal of IP is to provide the basic algorithm for transfer of data to and from a network. In order to achieve this, it implements two functions: addressing and fragmentation. It provides a connectionless delivery service for the upper-layer protocols. This means that IP does not set up a session (a virtual link) between the transmitting station and the receiving station prior to submitting the data to the receiving station. It encapsulates the data handed to it and delivers it on a best-effort basis. IP does not inform the sender or receiver of the status of the packet; it merely attempts to deliver the packet and will not make up for the faults encountered in this attempt. This means that if the data link fails or incurs a recoverable error, the IP layer will not inform anyone. It tried to deliver (addressed) a message until failed. IP submits a properly formatted data packet to the destination station and does not expect a status response. Because IP is a connectionless protocol, IP may receive and deliver the data (data sent to the transport layer in the receiving station) in the wrong order from which it was sent, or it may duplicate the data. Again, it is up to the higher-layer protocols (layer 4 and above) to provide error recovery procedures. IP is part of the network delivery system. It accepts data and formats it for transmission to the data link layer. (Remember, the data link layer provides the access methods to transmit and receive data from the attached cable plant.) IP also retrieves data from the data link and presents it to the requesting upper layer (Naugle, 1999). Compare and contrast IPv4 and IPv6. Justify your answer. There are two version of the internet protocol are implemented in the network layer today, which is Internet Protocol version 4(IPv4) and Internet Protocol version 6(IPv6). Today, most the internet are still implement the IPv4 but some of the internet are already move to IPv6, which is the newest version of the internet protocol. He also said that the Internet Protocol version 5(IPv5) is for experimental purpose, not for deployment purpose (White, 2009, p.348). There are differences between the current of IPv4 and IPv6. The main difference between the IPv4 and IPv6 is the addressing of the IPv4 and IPv6 that provided. White (2009, p.348) elaborate that there have only 32-bit addresses that used by IPv4, which means only support until 32-bit of the IP address that provide by IPv4. Forouzan (2007, p.549) argues with White that the IPv4 is 32-bit address, which mean the IPv4 address are unique, means the address are only one and universally when the connection between the source and destination. Forouzan also stated that the two devices cannot have the same internet protocol (IP) addresses when the connections are established between the source and destination. For example, if the source or destination at the network layer has m connections to the Internet, it will require having m address. In IPv6, there have 128-bits long address that provided by IPv6 compare to IPv4, which consist of 32-bits address, means that the IPv6 address consist 4 times to IPv4 address! Another difference between the current of IPv4 and IPv6 is the notation of the address that shown by the IPv4 and IPv6. Currently, the IPv4 addresses are being show as 32 bits in binary notation, which is support 1 and 0 only. 1 is represent hostid and 0 is represent netid, and also computer only can understand the language which the human cannot understand. Each 8 bits are representing 1 octet, mean the 1 octet are consist of 1 byte. That why IPv4 are only support to 32-bit of address or 4-byte address. The following to show the example of the IPv4 address in binary notations: 01110101 10010101 00011101 00000010 In order to make the human can understand and read the binary notation, the internet are converted the binary-notation into decimal and separating the byte by using dot. The following to show the example of the IPv4 address in dotted-decimal notation: 117.149.29.2 Refer to the figure 1.0, it represent that both the binary notation and dotted-decimal notation of the IPv4 address. Because each octet are represent 8-bits, the range of each octet are 0 until 255(Forouzan, 2007, p.550). Figure 1.0 Dotted-decimal notation and binary notation for an IPv4 address (Source: http://www.comptechdoc.org/os/linux/manual4/ipdecimal.html). Similar to IPv6, the IP address in IPv6 also represent in binary notation. Only different is the IPv6 are using the hexadecimal colon notation to make the address understandable and readable. Refer to figure 1.1, 128-bit are being divided into 8 sections in the hexadecimal colon notation. Each section has 2 byte and each 2 byte is requiring 4 hexadecimal digits (Forouzan, 2007, p.567). Figure 1.1 IPv6 address in binary and hexadecimal colon notation (Source: http://www.slideshare.net/WayneJonesJnr/ch19-3361671) Another the different between the IPv4 and IPv6 is the IP datagram format that represent by the IPv4 and IPv6. In IPv4, there are 15 fields in the IPv4 packet header. Refer to the figure 1.3, it show that the number of the field, the format of the IPv4. The Version field contains the version of IP, which is version number of the IPv4 is number 4 and ensures the device send the packet through to the internet from source to destination implement the appropriate various field. The Intermediate Header Length (IHL) specifies the size of the packet header, which the multiples of 32-bit words. If the options require in the datagram, it will require filling the padding bytes with unusual multiple of 32 bit. The Type of Service (TOS) fields allow the process to determine the precedence, which is relative priority of the application data and preferred attributes associated the following path. The Total Length (TL) or Packet Length (PL) field will display the whole packet size, including byte of header and data (Halsall, 2005, p.322). The Flags field consist three control flags, which is reserved control flags, Dont Fragment control flags and More Fragment control flags. Two control frags, which are Dont Fragment control flags and More Fragment control flags, use to control the fragmentation (The TCP/IP Guide, 2005). The Time-to-Live (TTL) field is to indicate the maximum the packet can be transmitted through the Internet. When the packet passes through the router, the TTL will decrement the number of transit of the packet remaining by one hop. When the TTL become 0, the packet will be discarded by the router. The Protocol field is enables the Network layer to pass the data to the correct upper layer protocol. The Header Checksum field is to identify the error at packet header. It also applied to protect from packet corruption during the transmission of the network. The Source Address and Destination Address field is containing the address where the packets send or comes from (Halsall, 2005, p.324). There are 5 fields in the options fields, which is copied fields, option class fields, option number, option length and option data. An option field is make all fragments of fragmented packets will save into the option if the option is being set by 1. Option class is define as a common option category, which 0 is represent control option and 2 is represent debugging and measurement option. The 1 and 3 is for reservation(Wikipedia,2010). Figure 1.3 IPv4 datagram/packet format and header fields (TCP/IP Guide, 2005) In IPv6, there are only 9 fields in the IPv6 packet header, means that the IPv6 field has been simplified compare to the IPv4, contains 15 fields, as shown in figure 1.4. The Version field contains the version of IP, which is version number of the IPv6 is number 6 and ensures the device send the packet through to the internet from source to destination implement the appropriate various field (TCP/IP Guide, 2005). The Traffic Class field is similar function as TOS in IPv4, which is allow the process to determine the different priority of the application data and preferred attributes associated the following path (Akashah, 2006). The Flow Label field is provided the additional support datagram delivery and quality of service (QOS) features with creating a large field. The Payload Length field is does not like the TL field from the IPv4, which is display whole size of packet but only display the payload byte number. The length of the extension header would be counted if the extension header will be included, means including the Hop-by-Hop Option, Routing, Fragment, Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP), Authentication Header (AH) and Destination Option. The Next Header field is to determine the first extension header of the next header in the datagram if the datagram contain the extension header. If the datagram contain only the main header and does not contain the extension headers, it will function as the IPv4 Protocol field. It also contain the same value, which the IPv6 version of the common protocol use though the new number. The Hop Limit (HL) field is similar function as TTL from the IPv4 field, which is remaining life of packet travel through the internet before discarded by the router while become 0. The purpose of the HL is preventing the packet infinite loop at internetwork. Before the packet send to the destination, the sending host will set the HL value. When the packets pass through the router, the router will decrease the HL value by 1 and until become 0, the packet will be discarded. The Source Address and Destination Address is similar function as the Source Address and Destination Address from the IPv4 field, which Source Address is contain the address where the packet are comes from. The Destination Address is contain the address that where the packet send to. Figure 1.4 IPv6 datagram/packet format and header fields (TCP/IP Guide, 2005) Section 2 Introduction of the chosen game. The three games that we choose is Peter Packet. Peter Packet is the education game represents the how the packets deliver through the internet. These games also represent how the packet can avoid from attacking virus and hackers. This game also can learn the lesson while the players play this game. How to play the chosen game? You may print screen the layout to support your reports. Here we have the instruction how to play the Peter Packet this game. This is Peter Packet. He is responsible to deliver the life packet through the internet. Figure 2.0 The screenshot is represent which difficulties you want to choose. Before you want to play this game, first you want to choose the difficulties of the game as show in figure 2.0. Figure 2.1 The screenshot is show which destination you want to choose After we choose the difficulties, then we choose which destination we want to proceed as shown in figure 2.1. This bar is show that the health status of the character.After we choose our destination we want, then we will show you the instruction how to play this game. Click the skip button to skip this section. The bar is show you that how many mission remaining you want to complete. Click the character if you want learn more about it. Press the back button if you want proceed to next section. Press the back button if you want back to previous section. Press the help button if you want to learn the tutorial again. Press the mute button if you want to silent or you want the sound. Figure 2.2 Speed up the character by using mouse right or press the right arrow Figure 2.2 is show that if you want speed up the character you must press the right arrow or move the mouse to your right. Figure 2.3 Slow down the character by pressing left arrow or move the mouse left The figure 2.3 is show that if you want to slow down the character, you must press the left arrow or moves the mouse to left. Get the encryption shields to protect from being caught Figure 2.4 Get the encryption shields that protect from caught by Hackers. Figure 2.4 shows that if you want get rid from the Hackers; you must to get the encryption shields to protect the character. Otherwise you will jump up by using up arrow or move up mouse to avoid being caught. Same as the virus, if you want to kill the virus, you must get the antivirus spray Figure 2.5 double click or pressing the up arrow twice if you want the character adds a flip. Figure 2.5 shows that if you jump not enough high, you can apply the flip for the character by pressing the arrow twice or double click. What are the benefits of playing this game to each of your groups member? Share your experiences and justifications. Leong Yun Siong The Benefit that I gain from playing this game is know how the internet play role important are, how the packet pass through the internet and the world started to emphasis the education, especially the women and the children from hardcore poor family and the personal hygiene. I also know how the router chooses the faster path of the network and also know how the electromagnet interference will interrupt the packet will cause the network congestion. I also know how the packet segmenting and reassembling. Phang Won Meng The Peter Packet is a funny game which contains a lot of useful information. By playing this game, we can understand there are many obstructers like hacker, Viruses and Route disruptions may occur when the packet are under the deliver. The game also provides and friendly user interface design with meaningful explanations and introduction to let player can learn more efficiency when playing the game. Inside the story of Peter Packet, Users can also find a lot of extra information like can learn information about social and environmental challenges in 3 countries that are Zimbabwe, Haiti and India in the developing world. Inside the story of Peter Packet, Users can also find a lot of extra information like that many people have died of AIDS and been exposed to HIV in Zimbabwe. Peter has the mission of helping to spread the word about this disease and get international aid. Players learn about the problems of lack access to clean drinking water in Haiti caused by years of environmental degradation from the harmful practice of intensive clear-cutting of trees, resulting in pollution and saltwater contamination. This useful information will help increase users knowledge and improve his moral.

Portrayal of Puritan Society in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter :: Scarlet Letter essays

Portrayal of Puritan Society in Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter      Ã‚  Ã‚   In the introductory sketch to Nathaniel Hawthorne's novel the "The Scarlet Letter", the reader is informed that one of the author's ancestors persecuted the Quakers harshly. The latter's son was a high judge in the Salem witch trials, put into literary form in Arthur Miller's "The Crucible" (Judge Hathorne appears there). We learn that Hawthorne feels ashamed for their deeds, and that he sees his ancestors and the Puritan society as a whole with critical eyes. Consequently, both open and subtle criticism of the Puritans' practices is applied throughout the novel.       Hawthorne's comments have to be regarded in the context of the settlers' history and religion. They believe that man is a creature steeped in sin, ever since Adam and Eve's fall from innocence. To them, committing the original sin strapped human beings of their own free will, so that God now decides about their lives. Everything that happens is seen as God's will, and providence plays an important role.       Through the sacrifice and righteousness of Christ, however, there is a chance for people to be saved. One cannot definitely know who will be saved, although pious and faithful people are of course more likely to. The experience of conversion, in which the soul is touched by the Holy Spirit, so that the believer's heart is turned from sinfulness to holiness, is another indication that one is of the elect. Faithfulness and piety, rather than good deeds are what saves people. If someone has sinned, public confession is believed to take some of the burden of this sin off him.       The initial reason for the Puritans to leave their homes was the treatment they had to suffer from in their native England. They were brutally persecuted and were not allowed to practise their religion, because they said that the beliefs taught by the Anglican church were against the Bible. When they arrived in the New World, they were confronted with numerous threats from the outside. Their trying to take land away from the Indians caused many fights and attacks. Moreover, they had to deal with the total wilderness surrounding them. Under these frontier conditions, they needed harmony and peace inside the community in order to survive.       As a result, Hawthorne's founding fathers immediately saw the necessity to Portrayal of Puritan Society in Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter :: Scarlet Letter essays Portrayal of Puritan Society in Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter      Ã‚  Ã‚   In the introductory sketch to Nathaniel Hawthorne's novel the "The Scarlet Letter", the reader is informed that one of the author's ancestors persecuted the Quakers harshly. The latter's son was a high judge in the Salem witch trials, put into literary form in Arthur Miller's "The Crucible" (Judge Hathorne appears there). We learn that Hawthorne feels ashamed for their deeds, and that he sees his ancestors and the Puritan society as a whole with critical eyes. Consequently, both open and subtle criticism of the Puritans' practices is applied throughout the novel.       Hawthorne's comments have to be regarded in the context of the settlers' history and religion. They believe that man is a creature steeped in sin, ever since Adam and Eve's fall from innocence. To them, committing the original sin strapped human beings of their own free will, so that God now decides about their lives. Everything that happens is seen as God's will, and providence plays an important role.       Through the sacrifice and righteousness of Christ, however, there is a chance for people to be saved. One cannot definitely know who will be saved, although pious and faithful people are of course more likely to. The experience of conversion, in which the soul is touched by the Holy Spirit, so that the believer's heart is turned from sinfulness to holiness, is another indication that one is of the elect. Faithfulness and piety, rather than good deeds are what saves people. If someone has sinned, public confession is believed to take some of the burden of this sin off him.       The initial reason for the Puritans to leave their homes was the treatment they had to suffer from in their native England. They were brutally persecuted and were not allowed to practise their religion, because they said that the beliefs taught by the Anglican church were against the Bible. When they arrived in the New World, they were confronted with numerous threats from the outside. Their trying to take land away from the Indians caused many fights and attacks. Moreover, they had to deal with the total wilderness surrounding them. Under these frontier conditions, they needed harmony and peace inside the community in order to survive.       As a result, Hawthorne's founding fathers immediately saw the necessity to

Individual Analysis for Engstrom Auto Mirror Plant

Engstrom Auto Mirror plant, as a privately owned business, it manufactured mirrors for trucks and automobiles. The managers aimed to increase productivity for sustainable development of the company. Back in 1998, to pursue highly productivity, the plant was redesigning its production lines to incorporate new technology, however, the transition was not smooth, some problems had emerged, such as the staffs' moral and efficiency declining and the internal contradictions being intensified between the managers and employees. As the result of it, the previous manger resigned in 1998.After that, the new manager, Ron Bent believed in the power of worker incentive programs and wanted to establish one at Engstrom. Eventually, the plant adopted the Scanlon Plan as incentive program because a substantial majority of workers wanted it. Due to institute the plan, the plant was achieving growth, higher profits and consistent quality standards, the employees were also receiving good financial reward s. Over a seven-year period, business had been good in the company, However, a downturn hit the industry in 2005 because of the declining of the workforce's morale along with the sales figures.In 2006, Bent had been forced to lay off 46 of his 255 employees. The trust between the managers and employees was shaken and the main problems by the complaints of workers was distrust of bonus calculations and question of fairness between the supervisors and employees. In this situation, Bent thought to make changes urgently before conditions deteriorated further. There are several factors that cause the issues in the Engstrom. Firstly, according to the equity theory, employees focus on the fairness of their work outcomes in proportion to their work inputs.In the Engstrom, some employees thought that supervisors did not working as hard as them, however, the supervisors got the bonus probably higher or equal to them. Therefore, employees complained about unfairness and the unreasonableness of the situation that could be a decline in morale. More seriously, the trust between the managers and employees were likely to declined dramatically because they felt the award or punishment system was not fairness to them that will be a negative effect for the normal operation of the plant. Secondly, the plant was lack of setting up of flexible incentive mechanism.Although the plant instituted the Scanlon Plan to motivate their employees, the managers did not consider to further improve the incentive program before the issues was appearing. Additionally, they did not properly feedback and value views of employees, why the enthusiasm waned and suggestion rates dropped. The employees gradually were a lack of a sense of belongingness and low recognition from the company. For me, I will give two possible options for Bent to ease the crisis for their plant. 1. The plant should improve the Scanlon Plan by the managers.It means that the managers should focus on the recognition and apprecia tion for their employees which as integral components of a winning strategic reward system. It could be posted a top twenty list of employees who perform their jobs excellently in every month. At the same time, it sends personal letters in the name of the company to convey appreciation to them. 2. The second option is to change the Scanlon Plan with another plan that is collect different ideas from the staffs (sometimes are workers' representative) in every week by face-to-face meeting.If some ideas could be accepted by managers, the employees who give the recommendation will be praised at the meeting. Further, the company will give rewards to employees if their suggestions through practice bring economic gain for the Engstrom. According to my analysis, the problems are distrust between the managers and employees and unfairness of rewards between the employees and supervisors. In order to keep productivity and profitability of the plant, it should resolve the issues urgently before the situation deteriorated further. I recommend the option two is better for Bent to deal with these problems for the plant.Firstly, communication is the most important factor that affects the relationship between managers and employees. If the managers could listen advices of the work in time from their employees, it not only will be more easier to handle the existing problem in the company, but also will improve the relationship between managers and employees because the staff feel the company takes, to respect and to trust them, feel oneself is in enterprise's one, and they can have the confidence and the sense of responsibility for the development of their company.Secondly, it is to give the appreciation by managers to employees frequently that will improve the employee morale because they will feel more attached to their company. As the result of this, employees will devote to their work without any complaint. Consequently, because of the improvement of relationship and employe e morale, the efficiency and productivity of company will improve with the efforts of all staff and give them corresponding reward.Although the first option is probably to resolve the crisis for the Engstrom, it is not a long-term incentive program because the communication between the managers and employees is not so much compared with the second option and some problems in the plant may be not addressed immediately by managers. Therefore, the Engstrom should change their incentive plan to built the good relationship, seek advices from subordinates and give employees corresponding reward. In conclusion, I suggest that Rent could choose the second option to handle this crisis in their plant before conditions deteriorated further.